Atherosclerosis: Most Effective Dietary Supplements

Atherosclerosis is a progressive process that affects large and medium-sized arteries, causing narrowing and loss of elasticity. This disease can lead to serious complications, such as myocardial infarction or strokes, which are among the leading causes of death in industrialized countries.

Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the formation of atheromatous plaques within the inner walls of the arteries. These plaques are primarily composed of lipids (notably LDL cholesterol), inflammatory cells, and collagen fibers. The process begins in childhood and evolves slowly under the influence of genetic and environmental factors. These plaques may rupture and trigger clot formation (thrombus), blocking blood flow and causing severe ischemias. The plaques are often silent, but once they become symptomatic, they may cause chest pain (angina), walking difficulties, or dizziness.

Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

The risk factors for atherosclerosis can be divided into two categories: reversible and controllable factors, and irreversible and uncontrollable factors. Reversible and Controllable Factors • Elevation of LDL Cholesterol: An excess of LDL cholesterol in the blood is a key factor in the development of atheromatous plaques. • Smoking: Smoking accelerates damage to arterial walls and promotes plaque formation. • High Blood Pressure: Excessive pressure on arterial walls worsens atherosclerosis. • Diabetes: Diabetes is associated with increased inflammation and plaque accumulation. • Physical Inactivity and Obesity: Lack of physical activity and excess weight increase the risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. • Stress: Chronic stress can worsen cardiovascular health. Irreversible and Uncontrollable Factors • Age: Risk increases with age. • Gender: Men are generally at higher risk than women before menopause. • Family History: A family history of cardiovascular diseases increases the risk.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Atheromatous plaques are generally asymptomatic until they become large enough to significantly reduce blood flow. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, muscle cramps, and dizziness. Exams such as electrocardiograms or Doppler ultrasounds of the arteries can be used to visualize plaques and assess their impact. Evaluating risk factors and the use of biomarkers also allow for an accurate diagnosis. Regular measurement of cholesterol levels and blood pressure is recommended for at-risk individuals.

Treatment and Prevention

The treatment of atherosclerosis primarily focuses on reducing LDL cholesterol levels using statins, which lower LDL levels by about 30%. PCSK9 inhibitors, a new class of drugs, further reduce LDL levels, especially in individuals with a history of familial hypercholesterolemia. These medications significantly lower the risk of severe cardiovascular events such as strokes and myocardial infarctions. In secondary prevention, after a first ischemic event, statin prescription is systematic. Lifestyle Changes Adopting a healthy lifestyle is crucial to prevent and limit the progression of atherosclerosis. This includes: • Adopting a diet low in saturated fats: Reducing foods high in cholesterol and promoting unsaturated fats (olive oil, fatty fish) helps limit LDL deposits in the arteries. Adopting the Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil, fresh fruits and vegetables, and grains is a good preventive approach. • Increasing physical activity: Regular exercise helps lower blood pressure, control weight, and improve cardiovascular health. • Quitting smoking: Smoking cessation reduces the risk of forming new plaques. Supplements and Trace Elements Certain trace elements and nutritional supplements have shown benefits for cardiovascular health: • Magnesium: Helps regulate blood pressure and improve artery health. • Omega-3: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish, have anti-inflammatory effects and help lower triglyceride levels. • Antioxidants: Vitamin C and Vitamin E may help reduce inflammation and protect arterial walls from oxidation.