Kidney Stones: Most Effective Dietary Supplements

Kidney stones, or nephrolithiasis, are solid deposits formed by crystals in the kidneys. They result from the crystallization of substances that are normally dissolved in urine.

Etiology and Pathogenesis

c Calcium StonesAbout 75 to 80% of kidney stones contain calcium, mostly in the form of calcium oxalate, alone or combined with calcium phosphate. Risk factors include hypercalciuria (excessive calcium excretion in urine), often caused by excessive absorption, renal leak, or hormonal disorders such as hyperparathyroidism. c HypocitraturiaCitrate inhibits the formation of calcium stones. A hypocitraturia, or decreased urinary citrate, can lead to the formation of these stones. c HyperoxaluriaHyperoxaluria can be primary (genetic) or secondary (for example, due to certain intestinal conditions). A diet high in oxalate (spinach, chocolate) can also increase the risk. c HyperuricosuriaExcessive urinary excretion of uric acid can promote the formation of uric acid stones or serve as a nucleus for calcium stones.

Clinical Presentation

Typical symptoms include renal colic, characterized by intense and sudden pain in the flank radiating to the abdomen and groin. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, hematuria (blood in urine), and urinary disorders.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis primarily relies on imaging, such as ultrasound or spiral computed tomography (CT). Urine and stone analysis, as well as blood tests to assess calcium, phosphate, and uric acid levels, are also essential.

Treatment

Immediate treatment aims to relieve pain, address any infection, and facilitate stone elimination. Options include increasing fluid intake, using medications to dissolve stones, and, in some cases, surgical interventions such as lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Prevention

7c Hydration : Maintain a urine volume exceeding 2 liters per day. 7c Diet : Reduce protein and sodium intake, and do not overly restrict calcium intake. 7c Medications : Use thiazide diuretics for hypercalciuria, potassium citrate for hypocitraturia, and allopurinol for hyperuricosuria.