COVID-19: Most Effective Dietary Supplements

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that infect various hosts, causing mild to severe respiratory illnesses. SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID-19, is notable for its high contagion and ability to cause severe forms of pneumonia, leading to a global pandemic. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs mainly through respiratory droplets and aerosols emitted when coughing, sneezing, or even speaking, and through direct contact with contaminated surfaces. The SARS-CoV-2 virus infects the body by primarily targeting respiratory cells through the ACE2 protein (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). The virus attaches to ACE2 receptors, merges with the host cell, enters, and releases its RNA to replicate, causing damage to lung tissue. This process triggers a significant inflammatory reaction, often referred to as a "cytokine storm," which can lead to generalized inflammation and organ damage. The SARS-CoV-2 virus also affects red blood cells by reducing their capacity to effectively transport oxygen, exacerbating respiratory symptoms and causing hypoxia (low oxygen levels). These phenomena are responsible for severe symptoms such as respiratory distress and systemic inflammation in organs like the kidneys, heart, and even the brain.

Symptoms and Complications

COVID-19 may manifest with a dry cough, fever, fatigue, headaches, and muscle pains. In some cases, severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing and decreased oxygen saturation can occur. A particularly concerning aspect of the disease is "long COVID," where symptoms persist for months after initial recovery. Patients report chronic fatigue, cognitive disruptions, and sometimes altered sense of smell. Research has also highlighted changes in endothelial cells and gut microbiota.

At-Risk Populations

Older adults, especially those over 65, are at increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 due to the natural weakening of the immune system associated with aging. Younger adults with underlying conditions such as diabetes, heart diseases, obesity, and chronic respiratory diseases are also more susceptible to severe complications. Immunocompromised individuals, or those on immunosuppressant treatments (e.g., for organ transplants), are particularly vulnerable. Additionally, some studies highlight that deficiencies in essential nutrients, such as vitamin D and zinc, can impair immune response and thus worsen the severity of the illness.

Prevention and Natural Approaches

Strengthening immunity against COVID-19 involves several natural approaches, combining micronutrients, plants, and probiotics whose efficacy is supported by clinical studies. A key first step is assessing and addressing deficiencies in vitamin D, a pivotal immunomodulatory nutrient. Vitamin C complements this effect with its antioxidant properties and support for the immune response against respiratory infections. Zinc may reduce COVID-19 severity due to its antiviral, anti-inflammatory effects and its role in maintaining epithelial integrity. Omega-3 plays a crucial role in cytokine signaling, potentially mitigating inflammatory reactions. Selenium could offer protective benefits by reducing inflammatory lung damage observed in viral infections like the flu, suggesting its utility in COVID-19. Probiotics are particularly significant in this context. Research highlights the importance of gut health, knowing that 70% of immunity is related to gut microbiota. Studies show that certain strains, such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis, prevent epithelial cell infections and restore microbiota, essential for supporting innate immunity and reducing inflammation risks. Finally, polyphenols, found in green tea, turmeric, and berries, decrease markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 (IL-6), involved in inflammatory reactions seen in COVID-19, but also strengthen the body’s resistance to oxidative stress.