Multiple Sclerosis: Most Effective Dietary Supplements

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, particularly among young adults. It is characterized by scattered inflammatory lesions in the brain and spinal cord, leading to the destruction of myelin, the insulating sheath surrounding nerve fibers. This demyelination disrupts nerve signal transmission, resulting in a variety of often disabling symptoms.

Causes: An attack on the nervous system

MS results from an abnormal immune response where the immune system targets myelin proteins. It is a complex and multifactorial disease, the etiologies of which are still largely poorly understood. However, several genetic and environmental factors have been identified as contributing to its development. Inappropriate immune response: The presence of CD4 T lymphocytes within inflammatory plaques suggests that these cells play a central role in the attack on myelin. Autoantigens such as the myelin basic protein (MBP) or oligodendrocyte-specific glycoprotein are often involved in this reaction. Genetic Factors: Susceptibility to MS is strongly associated with gene variants HLA-DR15, which promote the erroneous recognition of myelin as an immune target. However, this predisposition alone is not enough to explain the onset of the disease. Role of free radicals: A deficit in antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase, makes nerve cells vulnerable to free radical attack, exacerbating neuronal damage. Environmental factors: Viral infections, particularly by the Epstein-Barr virus, and vitamin D deficiency play a triggering role. Studies also suggest an influence from the gut microbiota, especially from bacteria capable of crossing the intestinal barrier and activating the immune system.

Symptoms

The symptoms of MS vary and depend on the areas affected by the plaques: Motor disorders: muscle weakness, spasticity, even paralysis. Sensory alterations: tingling, pins and needles, neuropathic pain. Chronic fatigue: frequent and sometimes disabling. Visual problems: optic neuritis, blurred or double vision. Cognitive dysfunctions: memory disturbances, slowed information processing. Sphincter impairments: urinary incontinence, sexual disorders..

Treatments

The treatments for MS aim to reduce the frequency and severity of inflammatory attacks, slow disease progression, and manage symptoms. The main treatments include: Immunomodulators: beta interferons, glatiramer acetate to reduce relapses. Immunosuppressants: to reduce immune system activity, such as mitoxantrone. Monoclonal antibodies: such as natalizumab, which blocks lymphocytes from entering the CNS. Symptomatics: rehabilitation, physiotherapy, treatments for spasticity and pain.

Role of diet

MS, more prevalent in Western countries, seems to be influenced by diet. The typical Western diet is high in saturated fats, dairy products, refined grains, and fast sugars, elements associated with a risk of systemic inflammation and intestinal permeability alterations. Intestinal permeability could favor the passage of bacterial peptides into the bloodstream, triggering inappropriate immune reactions. The prevalence of MS is higher in populations that consume a lot of dairy products and meats high in saturated fats. Conversely, coastal populations in Norway or the Japanese, who consume more fish and vegetable oils rich in omega-3, have a lower incidence of MS. Omega-3 has anti-inflammatory properties that can protect oligodendrocytes and limit demyelination. A diet adapted to managing multiple sclerosis focuses on reducing saturated fats and dairy products, often associated with inflammatory reactions, in favor of increased intake of unsaturated fats and essential micronutrients. Unsaturated fats, found in cold-pressed vegetable oils and fatty fish, provide omega-3 and gamma-linolenic acids, known for their anti-inflammatory and nerve cell protective effects. It is also recommended to favor a diet rich in vitamins and minerals, notably vitamins C and E, selenium, and zinc, to reduce oxidative stress. The integration of unprocessed foods, rich in fibers and antioxidants, supports intestinal barrier health, limiting the entry of immunogenic peptides into the bloodstream. Finally, eliminating pro-inflammatory substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and ultra-processed products is essential.

Prognosis

The prognosis of multiple sclerosis varies considerably from one patient to another. Relapsing-remitting forms, which represent about 85% of cases at onset, are often associated with a better prognosis, particularly if relapses are infrequent and mild during the first few years. Factors such as young age at diagnosis, female sex, and absence of significant disability after initial relapses are also linked to a more favorable trajectory. Conversely, progressive forms, whether primary or secondary, tend to lead to more marked disability over the years, especially in the absence of treatment. Comprehensive care, including medical follow-up, adapted rehabilitation, and dietary adjustments, can contribute to improving quality of life and limiting impact on daily activities.