Attention Deficit Disorders: Most Effective Dietary Supplements

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by three main symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms are classified into three subtypes: ADHD with predominantly inattentive presentation, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, and combined type, where all three manifestations are present b.

Pathophysiology

The causes of ADHD are mainly neurobiological with a strong genetic component, estimated between 60% and 90%. Dysfunctions primarily affect the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in the regulation of attention, and the dopaminergic system. The most accepted neurocognitive model is based on a deficit in executive functions, notably the ability to inhibit behaviors, plan, and regulate emotions and time b. Brain imaging studies have shown abnormalities in certain cortical and subcortical regions, as well as an imbalance in dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems.

Risk Factors

Risk factors include genetic factors such as a family history of ADHD b, or environmental factors like perinatal complications (premature birth, low birth weight), family disorders (parental psychopathologies, inadequate parent-child interactions), and low socio-economic status increase the risk of ADHD b.

Symptoms

Symptoms include: 95 Inattention: Difficulty concentrating on tasks, frequent forgetfulness, trouble completing activities b. 95 Hyperactivity: Constant motor agitation, difficulty staying still, disorganized activities b. 95 Impulsivity: Difficulty waiting for one's turn, tendency to interrupt others, decision-making without considering consequences b.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of ADHD is primarily based on clinical criteria, as defined by DSM-V and ICD-10. It requires the presence of at least six symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity, observed in at least two environments (e.g., school and home), with a significant impact on social or school functioning b. The diagnosis is often supplemented by questionnaires and neuropsychological tests to assess the degree of impairment in executive functions b.

Evolution

ADHD often persists into adulthood, although the symptoms of hyperactivity tend to decrease over time. Inattention and impulsivity remain more pronounced in adults, leading to social and professional difficulties. Evolution is often influenced by factors such as the severity of symptoms during childhood and the presence of psychiatric comorbidities (mood disorders, anxiety, etc.) b.

Treatment

The management of ADHD is multimodal and includes: 95 Pharmacological treatment: Psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate, are the first-line treatment. They work by modulating neurotransmitters in the brain, notably dopamine and norepinephrine b. 95 Psychotherapy: Cognitive and behavioral therapy is used to teach strategies for managing symptoms and behaviors. Parental guidance is also essential to help families manage associated behaviors b. 95 School support: Educational accommodations are often necessary to help children with ADHD succeed better in school b. Recent research highlights the importance of nutrition in managing ADHD: 95 Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA): Essential for proper brain function, they improve attention and memory. 95 Vitamins B2, B6, B9, B12, and D: Their deficiency is often associated with cognitive and behavioral disorders. 95 Magnesium: Reduces hyperactivity and impulsivity by regulating nerve functions.