PQQ: Benefits, Dosage, Contraindications
Other name(s)
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Scientific name(s)
Pyrroloquinoline Quinone
Family or group:
Pseudovitamin
Indications
Rating methodology
EFSA approval.
Dyslipidemia ✪✪✪✪✪
A study showed that PQQ supplementation (20mg/d) for 6 weeks in subjects with an initial LDL cholesterol level above 140 mg/dL resulted in a statistically significant decrease in total cholesterol (from an average of 247 to 216 mg/dL) and LDL cholesterol (from an average of 156 to 132 mg/dL).
Posologie
Orally
20 mg
6 - weeks
Development of a Representative Mouse Model with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt Intake on the Serum Cholesterol Levels of Healthy Japanese Adults
Cognitive Performance ✪✪✪✪✪
In a study conducted among people aged 40 to 70, supplementation with 20 mg per day of PQQ (in the form of BioPQQ) led to an improvement in superior cognitive function tests compared to the placebo group. The combination with 300 mg of CoQ10 yields even more spectacular results. Indeed, PQQ and CoQ10 are both involved in mitochondrial energy production. Another study, conducted double-blind and placebo-controlled among healthy Japanese men and women (aged 40 to <80), showed that supplementation with PQQ disodium salt is useful for improving memory, attention, judgment, and cognitive functions.
Posologie
Oral
20 mg
Synergies
Effects of Antioxidant Supplements (BioPQQ™) on Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Metabolism in the Prefrontal Cortex
Effect of Dietary Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt on Cognitive Function in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study
Effect of the Antioxidant Supplement Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt (BioPQQ™) on Cognitive Functions
Oxidative Stress ✪✪✪✪✪
In humans, PQQ was administered in monotherapy to 10 subjects (5 females, 5 males) aged 21 to 34 years. Multiple measurements of plasma and urinary PQQ levels were conducted over a 48-hour period. The results indicated a significant increase in antioxidant potential even after a single dose.
Posologie
Oral
20 mg
Pyrroloquinoline-Quinone Is More Than an Antioxidant: A Vitamin-like Accessory Factor Important in Health and Disease Prevention
Pyrroloquinoline quinone protects against exercise-induced fatigue and oxidative damage via improving mitochondrial function in mice
Dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) alters indicators of inflammation and mitochondrial-related metabolism in human subjects
Fatigue ✪✪✪✪✪
Taking 20 mg of PQQ per day for 8 weeks in healthy adult men and women, with fatigue and sleep disorders, appears to be associated with improved sleep quality and duration. Mood was also improved by a reduction in the feeling of fatigue.
Posologie
Orally
20 mg
Potential physiological importance of pyrroloquinoline quinone
Pyrroloquinoline quinone stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis through cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation and increased PGC-1alpha expression
Sports performance ✪✪✪✪✪
A study on mice evaluated the potential protective effects of PQQ against fatigue and oxidative damage caused by repeated exhaustive exercises. Results show that PQQ extends the exhaustion delay, decreases serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, increases antioxidant enzyme activity, inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and reduces the overexpression of NF-κB and inflammatory mediators. Moreover, PQQ preserves normal mitochondrial function. In humans, a randomized, placebo-controlled study showed that 20 mg/day PQQ supplementation does not appear to have ergogenic effects on aerobic performance or body composition, but seems to impact mitochondrial biogenesis by significantly increasing PGC-1α protein content.
Posologie
Orally
20 mg
Type 2 diabetes ✪✪✪✪✪
PQQ exerts additional mechanisms on insulin signaling and improves glucose uptake by the translocation of glucose transporters. Consequently, PQQ may be beneficial in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Posologie
Orally
20 mg
Neurodegenerative diseases ✪✪✪✪✪
PQQ prevents the development of alpha-synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson's disease, and protects nerve cells from the harmful effects of beta-amyloid protein related to Alzheimer's disease.
Posologie
Orally
20 mg
Pyrroloquinoline quinone promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease model via AMPK activation
Beneficial synergistic effects of microdose lithium with pyrroloquinoline quinone in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model
Mitochondrial regulation by pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease models
Properties
Antioxidant
PQQ is readily reduced to PQQH2. In vitro studies have shown that the reduced form of PQQ (PQQH2) exhibits antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant effect is extremely powerful. Indeed, PQQ is capable of catalyzing a continuous cycle (i.e., capable of performing repeated oxidation and reduction reactions) to a much higher degree than other antioxidants. For example, PQQ can perform 20,000 catalytic conversions compared to only 4 for vitamin C. In humans, PQQ was administered in monotherapy to 10 subjects (5 females, 5 males) aged 21 to 34 years. Multiple measurements of plasma and urinary PQQ levels were taken over a 48-hour period. The results indicated a significant increase in antioxidant potential even after a single dose.
Usages associés
Cognitive Function
Research has shown that PQQ protects memory and cognition in aging animals and humans. In animal studies, PQQ protects against cognitive impairment caused by chronic oxidative stress and improves performance in memory tests in animal models.
Usages associés
Neurological
Neurons are susceptible to lethal damage due to oxidative stress. This neuronal death is considered a cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Research has shown that PQQ protects memory and cognition in aging animals and humans. In animal studies, PQQ has been found to have the following benefits: protects against cognitive impairment caused by chronic oxidative stress and improves performance in memory tests in animal models. 7fStimulates the production and release of nerve growth factor. 7fProtects against the auto-oxidation of the DJ-1 gene, an early step in the onset of Parkinson's disease. 7fProtects brain cells against oxidative damage. 7fBlocks the formation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a major source of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that damage brain cells. Protects against the risk of severe stroke in an experimental animal model of stroke. Protects the brain against neurotoxicity induced by other potent toxins, including mercury, glutamate, and oxidopamine (a powerful neurotoxin used by scientists to induce parkinsonism in laboratory animals). Prevents the development of alpha-synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson's disease. Protects nerve cells from the harmful effects of beta-amyloid protein linked to Alzheimer's disease.
Usages associés
Bioenergizer
PQQ has been identified as a novel supplement involved in redox modulation, cellular energy metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and functions as a potent antioxidant. It has been shown that PQQ activates biomarkers of mitochondrial biogenesis such as CREB, PGC-1a, NRF-1/2, and TFAM in vitro models.
Usages associés
Anti-inflammatory
PQQ supplementation results in a significant decrease in levels of inflammatory markers (plasma C-reactive protein and IL-6).
Hypoglycemic
Type 2 diabetes is established as a mitochondrial disorder, and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic subjects is closely related to the degree of hyperglycemia, diet, physical activity, sleep, stress, and other lifestyle-related factors. It has been revealed that PQQ supplementation improves mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Additionally, PQQ deficiency increases plasma glucose levels, reduces hepatic mitochondrial content by 20 to 30%, and increases plasma lipid levels, while PQQ supplementation improves mitochondrial alterations and metabolic disorders and the lipid profile in diabetic rats. On the other hand, PQQ exerts additional mechanisms on insulin signaling and enhances glucose uptake through the translocation of glucose transporters. Therefore, PQQ may be useful in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Usages associés
Hypolipidemic
PQQ lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, presumably by activating AMP-kinase (AMPk).
Usages associés
Safety dosage
Adult: 10 mg - 20 mg
The current dosage recommendation of PQQ is 10 to 20 mg per day for humans and is based on the equivalent dose in animals that consistently improved various mitochondrial functions.
Precautions
Pregnant women: avoid
Avoid use due to lack of reliable and sufficient information.
Breastfeeding women: avoid
Avoid use due to lack of reliable and sufficient information.
