Guggul: Benefits, Dosage, Contraindications
Other name(s)
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Scientific name(s)
Commiphora mukul, Commiphora wightii
Family or group:
Plants
Active ingredients:
Guggulsterone
Indications
Rating methodology
EFSA approval.
Hypercholesterolemia ✪✪✪✪✪
Various randomized clinical trials have studied the effects of guggulipid on elevated blood lipid, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, with conflicting results. Overall, the effects seem to be more likely among Indian populations than those with a Western diet; however, the reason for this divergence is unknown. A clinical study showed that the hypolipidemic effects of a fraction A guggul preparation (1.5 g/day) were similar to those of clofibrate (2 g/day). A larger, double-blind randomized study of 235 volunteers found that patients with hypercholesterolemia responded better to guggulipid (1.5 g/day) than clofibrate (1.5 g/day). However, patients with hypertriglyceridemia responded better to clofibrate. A placebo-controlled RCT conducted in Norway in 2009 (n = 43) using 2160 mg of guggul per day for 12 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in total cholesterol and HDL-C, without significant changes in LDL-C, triglycerides, and total/HDL-C ratios compared to placebo. The authors concluded that the clinical significance of a 3 to 6% reduction in total cholesterol or HDL-C was debatable, especially since the ratio between the two remained unchanged. A review of non-pharmacologic treatments for cardiovascular disease suggested that guggulipid (C. mukul) merits further clinical investigation; however, it was not recommended for dyslipidemia treatment due to insignificant and often contradictory results in Western populations per double-blind trials. Again, further large-scale clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy of guggulipid in hypercholesterolemia.
Posologie
Oral: resin
1000 - 2250 mg
16 - weeks
standardized extract, dry extract
Guggulipid for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial
Clinical trials with gugulipid. A new hypolipidaemic agent
A comparative study on hypocholesterolaemic effect of allicin, whole germinated seeds of bengal gram and guggulipid of gum gugglu
Guggul for hyperlipidemia: a review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration
Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of Commiphora mukul as an adjunct to dietary therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia
Effect of Commiphora mukul (gum guggulu) in patients of hyperlipidemia with special reference to HDL-cholesterol
Comparative hypolipidaemic effectiveness of gum guggulu (Commiphora mukul) fraction 'A', ethyl-P-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate and Ciba-13437-Su
Long term clinical studies on the hypolipidaemic effect of Commiphora mukul (Guggulu) and clofibrate
Resin from the mukul myrrh tree, guggul, can it be used for treating hypercholesterolemia? A randomized, controlled study
Acne ✪✪✪✪✪
According to a study, it was observed that guggulipid played an effective role in treating nodulocystic acne. Twenty patients with nodulocystic acne were randomly chosen into one of two groups. Patients in one group received tetracycline (500 mg) and those in the other group received guggulipid twice a day for 3 months. Guggulipid showed a similar effect to tetracycline in the prevention of nodulocystic acne.
Posologie
Oral route: resin
25 mg
standardized extract
Rheumatism ✪✪✪✪✪
Preliminary clinical research shows that taking 500 mg of guggul (containing 3.5% guggulsterones) three times a day may improve pain associated with osteoarthritis. A study shows that taking guggul at a dose of 3 grams per day for 4 months can improve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis compared to baseline.
Posologie
Oral route: resin
1500 mg
standardized extract
Properties
Hypolipidemic
Several mechanisms of action are responsible for this effect. Guggulsterones act as antagonists of bile acid receptors and farnesoid X receptors (FXR), which are involved in the regulation of bile acids and cholesterol metabolism. Raw guggul contains ion-exchange resins that can eliminate bile from intrahepatic circulation. Additionally, two diterpenoids have been identified that act on pancreatic enzymes (PLA2) to control fat and cholesterol absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. According to a review, 11 clinical studies generally demonstrated that C. mukul guggulipid significantly reduces triglyceride and total cholesterol levels; however, the results of a recent double-blind randomized study were negative (Ulbricht et al 2005). The conflicting clinical results regarding effects on total cholesterol, HDL, TG, and LDL levels may be due to the administration of different C.mukul materials.
Usages associés
Guggulsterone activates multiple nuclear receptors and induces CYP3A gene expression through the pregnane X receptor
Gugulu (Commiphora mukul) induces triiodothyronine production: possible involvement of lipid peroxidation
The hypolipidemic natural product guggulsterone acts as an antagonist of the bile acid receptor
Guggulsterone is a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in coactivator association assays but acts to enhance transcription of bile salt export pump
Effect of guggulsterone and cembranoids of Commiphora mukul on pancreatic phospholipase A(2): role in hypocholesterolemia
Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of Commiphora mukul as an adjunct to dietary therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia
GUGULIPID: a natural cholesterol-lowering agent
Stimulation of low density lipoprotein receptor activity in liver membrane of guggulsterone treated rats
Therapeutic effects of guggul and its constituent guggulsterone: cardiovascular benefits
A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an antagonist ligand for FXR
Antihyperglycemic
The ethanolic resin extract of C. mukul has shown antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects in diabetic rat models. Guggulsterones 21 and 22 have been identified as protective of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevented any impairment of insulin secretion stimulated by glucose. In vivo studies have shown that guggulsterones 21 and 22 reduced plasma insulin and blood glucose levels, and increased glycogen content.
Anti-inflammatory
Myrrhanol A, a triterpene isolated from C. mukul gum resin, produces powerful anti-inflammatory activity, as observed in an animal inflammation model. In an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis, significant anti-inflammatory effects were confirmed following oral administration, also resulting in reduced joint swelling. In vitro, the guggul constituent, guggulsterone, can suppress nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation and decrease the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and nitric oxide. Guggul may also reduce lipoprotein (a) and C-reactive protein. The suppression of NF-kappaB activation by guggulsterone may inhibit the differentiation of monocytes into osteoclasts. This may reduce bone resorption and improve osteoarthritis.
Usages associés
Hormonal Metabolism
Guggulsterone possesses thyroid-stimulating activity. It appears to increase the synthesis of T3 by enhancing the conversion of T4 to T3.
Thyroid stimulating action of Z-guggulsterone obtained from Commiphora mukul
Effect of a keto-steroid of Commifora mukul L. on hypercholesterolemia & hyperlipidemia induced by neomercazole & cholesterol mixture in chicks
Gugulu (Commiphora mukul) induces triiodothyronine production: possible involvement of lipid peroxidation
Safety dosage
Adult: 1000 mg - 3000 mg
500-1000 mg standardized guggulipid administered two to three times daily. Guggulipid preparations are often standardized to 2.5-5% guggulsterones.
Interactions
Médicaments
Antiplatelet/Anticoagulant drugs: moderate interaction
Guggul might have antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects. Theoretically, taking guggul with other antiplatelet or anticoagulant medications may increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Diltiazem: moderate interaction
Concurrent oral administration may reduce the bioavailability of diltiazem and may reduce therapeutic effects.
Propanolol: moderate interaction
Concurrent oral administration may reduce the bioavailability of propranolol and may reduce therapeutic effects.
Thyroid hormone drugs: moderate interaction
In theory, concurrent use could interfere with treatment aimed to normalize thyroid function.
Precautions
Hormone-sensitive disease: avoid
Some preliminary research suggests that guggulsterones may have agonist effects on estrogen-alpha and progesterone receptors. Women with hormone-sensitive conditions should avoid guggulsterones. Some of these conditions include breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids.
Thyroid disorders: avoid
Theoretically, concurrent use could interfere with treatment for hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
Breastfeeding woman: avoid
Avoid due to lack of data.
Contraindications
Pregnant woman: prohibited
The guggul gum resin appears to stimulate menstrual flow and the uterus.
