Olive tree: benefits, dosage, contraindications
Other name(s)
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Scientific name(s)
Olea europaea
Family or group:
Plants
Active ingredients:
Oleic acid
Oleuropein
Hydroxytyrosol
Indications
Rating methodology
EFSA approval.
Oxidative Stress ✪✪✪✪✪
Olive oil and its leaves help improve oxidative parameters in the blood, particularly thanks to oleuropein. The claim can only be used for olive oil containing at least 5 mg of hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives (e.g., oleuropein complex and tyrosol) per 20 g of olive oil.
Posologie
Oral route: leaf, fruit
500 - 1000 mg
oil, standardized extract
Olive Oils High in Phenolic Compounds Modulate Oxidative/Antioxidative Status in Men
Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to polyphenols in olive and protection of LDL particles from oxidative damage
Olive Oils High in Phenolic Compounds Modulate Oxidative/Antioxidative Status in Men
Hypertension ✪✪✪✪✪
Consuming a modified diet with large quantities of extra virgin olive oil over 6 months, alongside conventional hypertension treatments, may significantly improve blood pressure. Oral intake of olive leaf extract also seems to lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension. A 400 mg olive leaf extract taken four times daily for 3 months was used. Extra virgin olive oil 30-40 grams per day for a year was used as part of the diet.
Posologie
Oral route: leaf, fruit
1600 mg
hydro-alcoholic extract, dry extract
Plasma Lipids, Erythrocyte Membrane Lipids and Blood Pressure of Hypertensive Women After Ingestion of Dietary Oleic Acid From Two Different Sources
Olive Oil and Reduced Need for Antihypertensive Medications
[A Clinical Trial of a Titrated Olea Extract in the Treatment of Essential Arterial Hypertension]
Olive (Olea Europaea) Leaf Extract Effective in Patients With stage-1 Hypertension: Comparison With Captopril
Olive (Olea Europaea L.) Leaf Polyphenols Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Middle-Aged Overweight Men: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial
Food Supplementation With an Olive (Olea Europaea L.) Leaf Extract Reduces Blood Pressure in Borderline Hypertensive Monozygotic Twins
Dyslipidemia ✪✪✪✪✪
Increasing the consumption of olive oil instead of saturated fats can reduce total cholesterol levels. However, any reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is modest. Additionally, a meta-analysis of clinical research has shown that olive oil is less effective than other oils for reducing total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Overall, olive leaf extracts and olive oil can be beneficial in dyslipidemia cases, particularly with elevated LDL-C, in conjunction with an appropriate diet and/or cholesterol treatment.
Posologie
Oral route: leaf, fruit
400 - 900 mg
olive leaf extract, oil
Postprandial LDL phenolic content and LDL oxidation are modulated by olive oil phenolic compounds in humans.
Protection of LDL from oxidation by olive oil polyphenols is associated with a downregulation of CD40-ligand expression and its downstream products in vivo in humans.
Antioxidant effect of virgin olive oil in patients with stable coronary heart disease: a randomized, crossover, controlled, clinical trial.
Olive Oils High in Phenolic Compounds Modulate Oxidative/Antioxidative Status in Men
Changes in the Phenolic Content of Low Density Lipoprotein After Olive Oil Consumption in Men. A Randomized Crossover Controlled Trial
Effects of Differing Phenolic Content in Dietary Olive Oils on Lipids and LDL Oxidation--A Randomized Controlled Trial
Olive (Olea Europaea) Leaf Extract Effective in Patients With stage-1 Hypertension: Comparison With Captopril
Olive (Olea Europaea L.) Leaf Polyphenols Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Middle-Aged Overweight Men: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial
Type 2 Diabetes ✪✪✪✪✪
Population research has shown that consuming the largest amount of olive oil over roughly 6 to 22 years is associated with a 16% reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to the smallest amount. This inverse association persists for doses up to 15-20 g per day. A meta-analysis of clinical research also shows that consuming olive oil for 2 weeks to 4 years reduces HbA1c and fasting blood glucose compared to control in diabetic patients. The effect of olive oil on HbA1c is similar to the effects of fish oil and polyunsaturated fatty acid oils, and slightly superior to the effects of a low-fat diet. Olive leaf extract is also indicated for insulin resistance, in conjunction with an appropriate diet and/or antidiabetic treatment.
Posologie
Oral route: leaf, fruit
400 - 900 mg
olive leaf extract, oil
Olive leaf extract as a hypoglycemic agent in both human diabetic subjects and in rats.
Olive Oil in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Intervention Trials
Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.
Breast Cancer ✪✪✪✪✪
A meta-analysis of epidemiological research, as well as individual observational studies, shows that higher dietary intake of olive oil is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer in women.
Posologie
Oral route: fruit, leaf
oil
Olive Oil Intake Is Inversely Related to Cancer Prevalence: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of 13,800 Patients and 23,340 Controls in 19 Observational Studies
Consumption of Olive Oil and Specific Food Groups in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk in Greece
Dietary Fat, Olive Oil Intake and Breast Cancer Risk
Cardiovascular Diseases ✪✪✪✪✪
Olive oil rich in oleic acid reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. Overall, there is low to moderate evidence that olive oil offers a modest benefit for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, most positive results come from observational research; evidence from clinical research is less certain. Evidence concerning olive oil for secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases is unclear, as clinical research is limited or inconsistent. Research has shown that a substantial dietary intake of olive oil (54 g/day; about 4 tablespoons) is associated with an 82% reduction in the risk of a first myocardial infarction compared to lower dietary intake. Furthermore, the exclusive use of olive oil is associated with a 90% reduction in the risk of developing CVD compared to no olive oil in the diet. Olive oil consumption is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors, including a decrease in blood pressure and cholesterol.
Posologie
Oral route: leaf, fruit
23 - 54 g
oil
The Effect of Polyphenols in Olive Oil on Heart Disease Risk Factors: A Randomized Trial
Olive Oil Consumption and 10-year (2002-2012) Cardiovascular Disease Incidence: The ATTICA Study
Risk of first non-fatal myocardial infarction negatively associated with olive oil consumption: a case-control study in Spain.
Effects of Differing Phenolic Content in Dietary Olive Oils on Lipids and LDL Oxidation--A Randomized Controlled Trial
Atherosclerosis ✪✪✪✪✪
Phenolic compounds in olive oil, like hydroxytyrosol, are responsible for its antioxidant properties. Hydroxytyrosol not only scavenges radicals but also stimulates the synthesis and increases the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. It limits the peroxidation of LDL lipids, which has beneficial effects in preventing atherosclerosis. According to a double-blind randomized study, consumption of hydroxytyrosol and punicalagin (extracted from pomegranates) over 8 weeks could help reduce atherosclerotic markers. 105 people aged 45 to 65 consumed daily 9.9 mg of hydroxytyrosol, combined with 195 mg of punicalagin. This supplementation showed anti-atherogenic effects, resulting in a lowering of blood pressure as well as a decrease in circulating oxidized LDL cholesterol levels.
Posologie
Oral route: leaf, fruit
20 g
oil, standardized extract
Synergies
Metabolic Syndrome ✪✪✪✪✪
Clinical research shows that taking four capsules of olive leaf extract providing 51.1 mg of oleuropein and 9.7 mg of hydroxytyrosol per day for 12 weeks improves insulin sensitivity by 15% compared to placebo in overweight and middle-aged men at risk of metabolic syndrome.
Posologie
Oral route: leaf, fruit
400 mg
standardized extract
Cardiovascular benefits of tyrosol and its endogenous conversion into hydroxytyrosol in humans. A randomized, controlled trial
Beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with olive oil, oleic acid, or hydroxytyrosol in metabolic syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Olive (Olea Europaea L.) Leaf Polyphenols Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Middle-Aged Overweight Men: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial
Water Retention ✪✪✪✪✪
The EMA indicates that olive leaves are used to promote renal elimination of water, in mild cases of water retention.
Posologie
Oral route: leaf, fruit
630 - 1375 mg
dry extract
Properties
Hypotensive
A human study compared the effect of an olive extract to captopril (an antihypertensive medication) in patients with stage I hypertension. Administration of the extract led to a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure comparable to that observed with the reference medication. The hypotensive action is thought not to be due exclusively to the single molecule of oleuropein. This effect may be related to a vasodilatory effect achieved by the olive leaf extract. The most effective macerate on arterial hypertension, coronaries, and arteries is the glycerol-alcoholic macerate of the leaves.
Usages associés
Hypocholesterolemic
A study explored the hypocholesterolemic effects of olive leaf extract on rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. The experiment showed that olive leaf extract significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in the rats' serum, without notably affecting HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These results suggest that olive leaf extract could be beneficial in reducing atherogenic indices, i.e., risk factors related to atherosclerosis. Research suggests that compounds such as oleuropein, present in olive leaves, may play a key role thanks to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties could contribute to cholesterol reduction by inhibiting the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), a process involved in the development of atherosclerosis.
Usages associés
Cardiovascular
People use olive oil to prevent cardiovascular diseases and atherogenesis as it appears to reduce certain cardiac risk factors. The phenolic compounds present in olive oil seem to have antioxidant, vasodilatory, and antiplatelet properties. The compounds act as free radical scavengers, inhibiting platelet aggregation and thromboxane release. Olive oil appears to increase the resistance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to oxidation and thereby may decrease its contribution to atherogenesis. It also seems to improve endothelial tissue function in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Olive oil might lower blood pressure and decrease postprandial activity of coagulation factor VII. Preliminary research suggests olive oil might reduce aortic wall thickness in hypertensive animals; however, this occurs to a lesser extent than with fish oils. Olive oil also seems to modestly reduce cardiomyocyte death, which increases in left ventricular hypertrophy.
Usages associés
Antioxidant
According to laboratory research, olive leaf extract has antioxidant effects thanks to oleuropein. Studies have shown the protective role of olive extracts in preventing reperfusion injuries following cardiac ischemia, mainly generated by free radicals. New studies show that oleuropein might prevent ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats by increasing the activity of anti-radical defense enzymes (SOD, catalase, GPx) and decreasing lipid peroxidation.
Usages associés
Anti-inflammatory
Olive oil could have anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing pro-inflammatory omega-6 fatty acid concentrations and increasing anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acid concentrations. The metabolites of oleic acid, a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid in olive oil, seem to competitively inhibit the production of inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes from omega-6 fatty acids. The metabolites of oleic acid might also suppress inflammatory cytokine production. Olive oil also contains oleocanthal, which might be responsible for some of the anti-inflammatory effects of olive oil. This compound shares some pharmacological properties with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen. Oleocanthal inhibits both cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2. However, it does not inhibit lipoxygenase. Extra virgin olive oil provides about 200 mcg of oleocanthal/ml of olive oil. About 60% to 90% of oleocanthal is thought to be absorbed after ingestion.
Usages associés
Vascular effect
Olive leaf extract is a direct vasodilator at the peripheral level, especially at the level of the peripheral arterioles. Oleanolic acid has demonstrated anti-atherosclerotic and antioxidant effects in vivo studies. As well, the leaf extracts have proven to be anti-arrhythmic.
Usages associés
Hypoglycemic
In humans, the effects of olive leaf extract on insulin response are likely due to improvements in pancreatic beta-cell function and reduction in inflammation mediators.
Usages associés
Antibacterial
Olive leaf extract is active in vitro against certain germs (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, etc.). It is also active in certain viral infections. This effect is mainly linked to iridoids (oleuropein, ligustroside, hydroxytyrosol) and triterpenes (oleanolic acid).
Safety dosage
Adult from 18 years: 400 mg - 1375 mg
- Herbal tea: 10 g of fresh leaves or 5 g of dried leaves in 150 ml of water as a decoction twice a day (morning and evening). - Crushed dried leaves for infusion: single dose: 6-10 g up to 3 times a day. Daily dose: 6-30 g. - Dried leaf powder: Single dose: 275 mg 3-5 times a day or 200-300 mg 2 to 3 times a day. Daily dose: 630-1375 mg.
Interactions
Médicaments
Antiplatelet agents/Anticoagulant: moderate interaction
In vitro evidence and preliminary human research suggest that olive oil has antiplatelet effects. Theoretically, concurrent use of olive oil and anticoagulants or antiplatelets may increase the risk of bleeding in some people. Some of these drugs include aspirin, heparin, warfarin, etc...
Antidiabetic: moderate interaction
Theoretically, concurrent use of olive could enhance blood glucose-lowering effects. Monitor blood glucose closely.
Antihypertensive: moderate interaction
Theoretically, concurrent use of olive may enhance the antihypertensive effect. Some antihypertensive medications include Captopril, enalapril, Losartan, valsartan, Diltiazem, Amlodipine...
Precautions
Pregnant woman: use with caution
Insufficient reliable information, avoid using quantities higher than those typically found in foods.
Breastfeeding woman: use with caution
Insufficient reliable information, avoid using quantities higher than those typically found in foods.
Heart disorders: use with caution
Patients with heart disease or renal impairment should consult a physician before taking olive leaves.
Renal impairment: use with caution
Patients with heart disease or renal impairment should consult a physician before taking olive leaves.
