Anemia: The Most Effective Dietary Supplements

Anemia is a condition where the concentration of red blood cells or hemoglobin, a key protein that carries oxygen in the blood, is below normal. In adults, the anemia threshold is defined by a hemoglobin level below 13 g/dl in men and 11.5 g/dl in women. In pregnant women, this threshold is 10.5 g/dl from the second trimester. A reduction in red blood cells can be caused by blood loss, increased destruction of these cells, or decreased production.

Causes of Anemia

Anemias can be classified according to three main causes: 02 Blood loss: This type of anemia is often related to heavy menstrual periods, ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding (caused by prolonged use of aspirin or NSAIDs), or tumors of the kidney or bladder. 02 Altered production of red blood cells: This condition includes anemias caused by deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, or folates, as well as chronic diseases like kidney failure or autoimmune diseases. 02 Excessive destruction of red blood cells: This refers to hemolytic anemias, where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they are produced. The most common form of anemia is iron deficiency anemia, caused by an iron deficiency. Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin in the bone marrow. This deficiency may result from insufficient iron absorption in the diet, chronic bleeding (ulcers, heavy periods), or diseases such as celiac disease, which disrupts iron absorption.

Symptoms of Anemia

Anemia can sometimes go unnoticed when it develops gradually. However, common symptoms include: 02 Visible pallor, particularly on the skin and conjunctiva. 02 An intense fatigue or a general weakness. 02 Shortness of breath after minor efforts. 02 Dizziness, headaches, and heart palpitations. In some patients, anemia can also cause menstrual disorders, loss of libido, and, in severe cases, congestive heart failure.

Treatment of Anemia

The treatment of anemia depends on its cause. Iron supplements are the treatment of choice for iron deficiency anemia. Among the most common forms are ferrous sulfate, fumarate, and iron gluconate, which are often preferred for their superior bioavailability. Studies show that taking iron supplements can increase hemoglobin levels by 1 g/dL every 2 to 3 weeks, but it may take up to 4 months to completely replenish the body's iron stores. Additionally, vitamin C is a key factor in optimizing iron absorption. Studies on anemic hemodialysis patients have shown that taking 200 to 300 mg of vitamin C three times a week for 3 to 6 months can increase hemoglobin levels by 0.9 g/dL.

Iron Supplementation

Historically, iron is administered in daily doses. However, recent studies suggest that intermittent supplementation (1 to 3 times a week) might be equally effective, if not better for some patients, as it improves iron absorption and reduces gastrointestinal side effects like nausea or constipation. For patients with severe anemia, daily or even twice-daily supplementation may be necessary for a faster response. Moreover, intravenous iron administration may be considered in cases of oral iron intolerance or severe anemia requiring blood transfusions.

Prevention and Dietary Advice

The prevention of anemia largely relies on a balanced diet. Foods rich in heme iron, such as meat and fish, are most easily absorbed by the body, with an absorption rate of up to 25%, compared to less than 5% for non-heme iron from plants. It is also advised to include sources of vitamin C in meals to maximize iron absorption. In pregnant women, iron needs increase significantly, with recommended intakes of 20 to 30 mg per day during pregnancy. Regular medical monitoring and blood tests allow for early detection of deficiencies and treatment adjustment.