Dementia: the most effective dietary supplements

Dementia is a syndrome characterized by a progressive deterioration of memory, thinking, behavior, and the ability to carry out daily activities. It is distinguished from transient mental confusion by its chronic and progressive nature. Dementias can be caused by various diseases, the most common being Alzheimer's disease.​

Types of dementia

• Alzheimer's disease: The most common form of dementia, characterized by deposits of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. • Vascular dementia: Resulting from brain damage caused by strokes or other vascular problems. • Lewy body dementia: Associated with abnormal deposits of proteins called Lewy bodies in the brain. • Frontotemporal dementia: Primarily affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, which are responsible for personality, behavior, and language​.

Symptoms of dementia

The symptoms of dementia vary depending on the cause and stage of the disease, but generally include: • Memory loss • Difficulty finding words or understanding language • Impaired judgment and decision-making • Changes in personality and behavior • Difficulty performing daily tasks • Disorientation in time and space.

Causes and risk factors

The causes of dementia are diverse and include: • Neurodegenerative diseases: such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. • Vascular diseases: such as strokes and high blood pressure. • Genetic factors: some forms of dementia have a hereditary component. • Environmental and lifestyle factors: smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, diabetes, and low levels of physical activity can increase the risk of dementia​.

Treatment

The treatment of dementia is based on managing symptoms and slowing the progression of the disease. Several medications are commonly used, notably cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, which are primarily indicated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These drugs work by increasing levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter important for memory and learning. Another medication, memantine, may also be prescribed for more advanced Alzheimer's disease, as it helps regulate glutamate activity, another neurotransmitter involved in cognitive function. In addition to pharmacological treatments, non-drug therapies play an essential role in the management of dementia. Cognitive stimulation, which consists of exercises intended to maintain and improve mental abilities, is often recommended. Approaches such as reminiscence therapy, where patients are encouraged to recall past memories, as well as tailored physical exercise programs, contribute to improving the quality of life of affected individuals. Psychological support, for both patients and their loved ones, is crucial for better managing the emotional and behavioral aspects of the disease.

Prevention measures

In terms of prevention, there are several measures that may potentially reduce the risk of developing dementia. Regular physical exercise is strongly recommended, as it not only improves cardiovascular health but also brain health by promoting better blood flow and reducing vascular risk factors. A healthy diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low in saturated fats, can also contribute to better long-term cognitive health. Cognitive stimulation is another key aspect of prevention, involving the regular practice of intellectual activities, such as reading, puzzle games, or learning new skills, to maintain cognitive function. Finally, it is essential to manage cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes, and to avoid risky behaviors like smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, in order to limit the risk of dementia.